Abstract: One of the main tasks of the country’s socio-economic development is to overcome poverty among the working-age population by investing in human capital. Given the current events, the article focuses on the need to strengthen the mechanism for protecting the human capital of the working-age population. The role and significance of social insurance in protecting the human capital of the working-age population from new social risks caused by the war are substantiated. In analysing the mechanism of human capital development in the working-age population, the author focuses on the main reasons that negatively affect the possibility of exercising social rights, such as poverty, the poverty of households with and without children, the level of social standards, and the state of the labour market. A comparative analysis of the human development index of Ukraine with the post-Soviet countries has shown a decline in Ukraine’s position since independence, in contrast to the improvement in the countries studied. The study of the Global Social Mobility Index focuses on the importance of such areas as social protection and fair division of labour in shaping the country’s position and the need to strengthen tasks in such areas as access to technology and inclusive institutions. During the study, the author substantiates the need to modernize the system of social protection of human capital with due regard for social and insurance principles, since its preservation and increase affect the development of both the previous and the next generation, thus ensuring the socio-economic sustainability of the state. The author emphasizes the need for opportunities to exercise social rights by creating inclusive conditions in which the able-bodied population will be economically independent of the state, considering the period of adaptation to the socio-economic and political situation in the country.